DIABETES MELLITUS (DM) OR SUGAR DYSENTERY IS A SERIOUS METABOLIC DISEASE CHARACTERIZED BY CHRONIC HYPERGLYCEMIA WITH IMPAIRED SUGAR METABOLISM THAT IS CAUSED BY INADEQUATE SYNTHESIS OR SECRETION (EXCRETION) OF INSULIN, REDUCED ACTION OF INSULIN ON CELLS, OR BOTH.
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), or diabetes insipidus, is a serious metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood sugar) with impaired sugar metabolism caused by inadequate synthesis or secretion (excretion) of insulin, reduced insulin action on cells, or both. The cause of hyperglycemia is impaired glucose entry into the cells.
Occurrence
Diabetes, together with obesity, is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. Currently, the number of diabetics worldwide is estimated at 347 million. In 2012, 841,227 people were treated for diabetes in the Czech Republic, 91.9% of whom were treated for type II DM. The number of treated diabetics in the Czech Republic is slightly increasing every year.
DIVISION ACCORDING TO THE PROVOKING CAUSE
Type I DM is an autoimmune disease that results from the destruction of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas after an immunological stimulus and gradually leads to a complete loss of insulin production.
Type II DM is caused by a decrease in insulin production and resistance of cellular receptors to insulin, and both mechanisms are always present, differing only in the degree of impairment.
CAUSES OF DIABETES IN DM I AND DM lI
In type I DM, these are most often:
- environmental factors - the probable influence of cow's milk protein, the assumption of the protective effect of long-term breastfeeding
- genetic causes
- viral infections - often occurs in children after measles, chickenpox
In DM lI type:
- genetic influences - different from DM I
- obesity
- insufficient physical activity
- smoking
- stress
The set of risk factors that often occur together and that lead to the premature development of atherosclerosis and type II diabetes are collectively known as the metabolic syndrome, which is a significant pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant (blood-clotting) and proatherogenic (causing corrosion of the arteries) condition. It includes impaired fat metabolism, elevated uric acid, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia.
Symptoms
Developed symptoms of diabetes include thirst, polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (frequent need to drink) and associated increased fatigue. Sometimes inappetence and weight loss are present. At other times, especially early in the course of the disease, symptoms may be subtle, may not be considered important by the patient and are easily overlooked. This is probably why many type lI diabetics are undiagnosed, untreated and the disease progresses unnoticed. Diagnosis may then be made only when a serious complication occurs.
Complications of diabetes
Late complications of diabetes are related to damage to the vascular wall and can manifest as kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy), damage to the blood vessels of the eye (diabetic retinopathy), atherosclerotic manifestations on large blood vessels (diabetic macroangiopathy) - they can result in e.g. Diabetic myocardial infarction or stroke, as well as damage to all types of nerves (diabetic neuropathy) or the so-called diabetic foot syndrome.
Diagnostics
Sugar level, i.e. glucose, equal to or above 11.1 mmol/I (fasting or postprandial) at one examination, with repeated fasting glucose values of 5.6-6.99, an OGTT - oral glucose tolerance test - is appropriate.
Classical treatment
A) NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Non-pharmacological treatment forms an integral part of the treatment of all diabetics, including type I diabetes. It includes both regimen measures, i.e. choice of appropriate physical activity, prohibition of smoking, and dietary measures, which are chosen individually with regard to age, occupation and the type of pharmacological treatment used. Educational brochures are available.
B) PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Type I DM - insulin therapy, treatment of this type of diabetes belongs to a specialist (diabetologist)
Type II DM - oral antidiabetic drugs (PAD) with different types of action:
1. increasing tissue sensitivity to insulin - biguanides (metformin), glitazones
2. increasing insulin secretion - improving insulin release from secretory
beta-cells of the pancreas (sulfonylurea derivatives, e.g. glimepiride)
3. incretins (substances of hormonal nature with a great future in the treatment of DM lI) - substances inherent to the body that regulate the activity of the pancreas
Diabetes and Energy preparations
Energy products represent an important complement to the classical treatment of diabetes, especially in terms of harmonization processes and positive effects on the mineral economy of the body and the influence of oxidoreduction processes that cause damage to the vascular wall with the possible occurrence of serious complications.
Main products
GYNEX - herbal concentrate with a balanced effect on the hormonal system positively affecting the pancreas, stomach and other parts of the digestive system with regard to their metabolic and hormonal functions. It also limits the craving for sweet foods. Dosage 3 times a day 5 drops.
BARLEY JUICE - an important source of vitamins, minerals and enzymes with a significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect with a laboratory proven decrease in CRP levels (C reactive protein - a marker of inflammatory activity). Effect also in the prevention of blood clots. Dosage - 2 times a day 1 teaspoon of powder dissolved in 2 dl of water, preferably 30 minutes before or 2 hours after meals.
FYTOMINERAL - a concentrated colloidal solution of minerals that are necessary for the proper course of biochemical processes in cells. Of particular importance for the metabolism of sugars are the elements chromium, vanadium and zinc. Dosage 30 drops per day.
Complementary products
PROBIOSAN INOVUM - a preparation containing 1O species of probiotic bacteria with prebiotic inulin, beta-glucans and colostrum, improving digestive processes and positively affecting the intestinal mucosa, including immune functions. Dosage 3 times a day 17 drops.
VITAMARIN - oil from the fish Engraulis japonicus rich in omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids. These have a stabilizing effect on the vascular wall, have immunomodulatory effects, positively affect cell membranes and may even influence gene expression. It is of great importance in the fight against the development of complications of diabetes. Dosage 3 times a day 2 capsules.
FLAVOCEL - acts as an antioxidant and prevention against blood thrombus formation. It protects the vascular wall and thus prevents the development of the most serious complications of diabetes. Dosage 2x daily 1 tablet.
Diabetes mellitus brochure prepared by MUDr. Jana Haltmarová